Identifying a Tool for Measuring Team Identification Essay - 3025 Words

Identifying a Tool for Measuring Team Identification among Football Fans in Qatar (Dissertation Sample) Content: Identifying a Tool for Measuring Team Identification among Football Fans in QatarNameInstitutionCourse code + dateInstructorContents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc421453958 \h 3Introduction PAGEREF _Toc421453959 \h 4Statement of Problem PAGEREF _Toc421453960 \h 5Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc421453961 \h 5Methodology PAGEREF _Toc421453962 \h 8Definition of Key Terms PAGEREF _Toc421453963 \h 9Screening: elimination criteria: PAGEREF _Toc421453964 \h 10Results PAGEREF _Toc421453965 \h 11TIS and SSIS Scales PAGEREF _Toc421453966 \h 12Application of the TIS and SSIS Scales PAGEREF _Toc421453967 \h 12Limitations of the Research Design PAGEREF _Toc421453968 \h 13Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc421453969 \h 13References PAGEREF _Toc421453970 \h 14AbstractTeam identification has been a significant topic of research in most sports studies to determine the behavior of fans. It refers to the level with which fans feel connected to their favorite teams (Greenwood, Kanters, Casper, 2006). Kim and Kim (2009) explain the concept of team identification as "the level of psychological attachment felt by a sports fan toward his or her favorite team." Most studies have focused on the team identification among fans of well-established sports franchises. This studies on the Qatari football fans that despite their historical attractions to their football clubs, they are still not well connected to these teams, and therefore they do not attend football games like other fans across the globe. The study will use Team Identification scale (TIS) and Sports Spectator Identification Scale (SSIS) to determine the behavior of Arabic fans of Qatari Football League. The results of this study are crucial for the development of the Qatari Football League. They also offer perfect information that can be used by the Qatari Football League to market itself further to attract more fans. The results of this study show the need to carry out more research on the team identification among football teams in Qatar as well as other Asian countries.IntroductionTeam Identification and Spectator Identification are some of the most important aspects of any professional sport. The need to understand fan behaviors with relationship to their teams is essential as it helps in the determination of how best to manage the sport team as well as the packaging, prices and the promotion of that team (Greenwood, Kanters, Casper, 2006). In Qatar, the state of the football league is still wanting with very few fans identifying themselves with their football teams. There is a general lack of interest among people in Qatar with regards to the football league as only a handful of fans have shown their commitment to their teams (Scott, 2014). However, there have not been extensive studies on this issue to establish what has led to the lack of interest among the Qatari people on football matters. This study aims to come up with a tool that can be used to measure team Identification am ong football fans in Qatar.Professional sport has continued to evolve over the years, and this has created the need for better research on the behaviors of fans as well as their identification with particular sports teams. People decide to support various teams based on individual several reasons. Lock, Taylor, Darcy, (2008) informs that most recent studies on this topic has revealed that the main reason most individuals identify themselves with particular teams is due to the need to achieve a positive self-image. Most studies on sports spectators and their behaviors have mainly focused on team identification by these fans. The ability of sports fans to acquire a psychological relationship with their sports teams has dominated most studies due to its complex nature (James Ross, 2004; Wann et al., 2003).Most of these studies on the behaviors and team identification by fans have mainly concentrated on teams that are widely supported by documented history that most of these fans draw their attachment. The situation in Qatar is different with the league being relatively new, and most teams do not have significant history to draw fans into the stadiums. The Qatari football league was founded in 1963, but the first full season was played in 1972(Qatar Football Association, 2015). Most of the Qatari people are not attached to their football teams, and this makes it difficult to attract fans into the stadiums (Scott, 2014). It is in this light that this research paper seeks to find a way in which to determine the ways in which football teams in Qatar can attract more fans.Statement of ProblemThere is very little literature with regards to the state of the football league in Qatar. The behaviors and team identification among the Arabic fans in Qatar is under-researched therefore creating an opportunity for research into this phenomenon (Scott, 2014). This study will be useful to sports management as a whole as it aims to determine tool measure team identification amo ng football fans in Qatar. The study will rely on other studies that have shown how fans bond to their teams to identify the ways through which more fans can get attracted to .their football teams in Qatar. By researching on the behavior and team identification among Arabic fans in Qatar, we are likely to expand on the phenomenon of fan identification to their sports teams.Literature ReviewStudies by Wann, Afthinos, Nassis (2006), demonstrate that team Identification scale (TIS) and spectator identification scale (SSIS) are linked to the psychological attachment fans develop for their teams. It solely implies that fans change their view on the progress achieved by the team as a critical component or part of their lives. The study is supported by Theordorakis, Koustelios, Robinson, Barlas (2009) who argue that spectator behavior or patterns of mannerism may be affected by their psychological attachment, culture, and demographic region linked to the team. Theodorakis, Wann, Dimmock, Barlas (2010) in an effort to help people comprehend the topic demonstrate that many researchers have issued tri-dimensional studies, which aim at investigating the psychological attachment that develops between the team and spectators. The examination of some of these results will help in evaluating the substantial effects of TIS and SSIS on behavioral habits of the sports spectators.Test and re-rest validity of TIS and SSIS can be examined on the ability of research to demonstrate similar factors or similar fan behavior through research conducted in varied regions or diverse teams. These habits will help understand the effect of psychological attachments in changing the fans' habits to suit the needs of the team. Dimmock, Grove, Eklund (2010) and Gencer (2010) document that TIS and SSIS are critical determinants in the spending habits of consumers that align their lives with the team's progress. The aspect of the cognitive attachment developed through the spending habits can be applied and tested in the study. The cognitive aspect demonstrates an internal consistency inhabits fuelled by an emotional or psychological attachment to the progress achieved by a team. Gau, James, Kim (2009) argue that the emotional attachments are dwelled on to the psych of the spectators such that they can make emotional investments including factors such as becoming strict club members. These studies were examined in over three teams, where the spectators showed their real commitment towards being involved in the daily habits or routines of their team members.TIS and SSIS are also linked to high involvement with both positive and negative attributes of a team. Greenwood, Kanters, Casper (2006), for example, demonstrate that fan identification is linked to positive characteristics such as familial closeness and high interdependence in support for the same team. Potter Keene (2012) document TIS creates a strong desire to build a connection with people that admire similar attr ibutes in the team. Their study proves that team identification creates an emotional stimulus, which moves the fan and creates a desire for the fan to be linked to all matters involving the team. These issues include negative attributes such as being involved in fights for the sake of identifying with the team attributes Greenwood, Kanters, Casper (2006). Wann Polk (2007) document a positive social relationship is an essential attribute that binds people or fosters relationships that extend beyond race and other differing factors. Their study just as that of Greenwood, Kanters, Casper (2006) proves that TIS and SSIS are linked with strong social connections, which create a desire for social connections. An absence of TIS or SSIS between an individual and fans of another team can create feeling of alienation or loneliness, while a presence of TIS and SSIS create strong positive self-esteem and positive emotions, which are linked with future progress regarding the team (Lanter, 201 1).TIS and SSIS also demonstrate according to the hypothesis concurrent traits or behaviors developed through time. Research by Greenwood (2001), for example, argues there are a variety of factors that build or creates the need for an individual to identify or become a fan of a particular team. The same study also proved there are various factors, which build or strengthen the desire for a person to continue being a member of the team. Previous parental attachment, especially concerning the male gender, was linked to the future lineage involvement with the same team (Theodorakis et al., 2009). The same principal can be used in evaluating the winning streak of the team. Many people admire the idea of being linked to winning teams. Consequently, they develop a strong affinity with the team as a consequence of the team to emerge victoriously. Suh, Han, Pedersen (2013) in a st...

Human Resource Management At A Large Business - 934 Words

Introduction Good afternoon and welcome everyone my name is Will Bird. My authority for being able to address you today is that I am the Human Resource Manager of a large business called â€Å"Achieving better people management†. The main content in Human resource management that I will be covering is the recruitment stage. What is HRM? Well what is Human Resource Management; it is the management of the employee relationship that covers establishing, maintaining and terminating employment. Why is it Important? Human Resource Management is very important in an organisation/business, human resource managers will hire, train and develop employees to try and achieve full potential by motivation, this is important by achieving the highest†¦show more content†¦Induction: An induction programme is the process used within many businesses to welcome new employees to the company and prepare them for their new role. Human Resource Managers should provide the new employee with necessary and important information about the business. The induction process is the first step in building a relationship between you and the new colleague/s. Why is Recruitment Needed? Recruitment is tremendously important in any organisation, but recruiting new staff is very costly and can take time. Recruiting in most businesses can go wrong dramatically; this is because the process of hiring is not followed correctly. Once the process of identifying that there is a vacant spot the recruitment stage will perform. Recruitment is usually needed because new skills are needed or the business is ready to expand internally. Job analysis attraction and development: The job analysis is where the Human Resource Manager has identified the duties and responsibilities, nature of the jobs, to decide qualifications, skills and knowledge to be considered for that particular job. The job analysis helps to understand what tasks are important and how they are carried on. This step also forms a basis for later HR activities such as developing effective training programs, selection of employees, assessment of employees (performance

The Evolution Of The Education - 1566 Words

Michael May Mr. Hoelzle Academic Writing 4 January 2015 Major Research Paper The Evolution of Education in America Education plays the most crucial role in the quality of life any person will ever live. Before a set structure, or a standard of education was made, education was not considered a necessity. Once the importance of education was established and more people began attending school, the race to a higher education became more intense than ever. People even began saving up to send their children away from home for their best chance at succeeding in life with a good education (Public Schools in the Great Depression.). It is clear that a quality education for everyone will not only lead to the better life on one person, but to the†¦show more content†¦Sometimes, the males of an upper class family would go to a boarding school in England to be taught, while the girls would usually stay home and learn from her mother or sometimes even a governess, who was typically from England and somewhat educated, how to maintain the home (The History of Education in America.). Girls did not get th e opportunity to study in England because a quality education was not considered important for them. They would study art, music, French, standard social etiquette, spinning, weaving, needlework, cooking, and nursing. Academic wise, they were taught enough reading, writing, and arithmetic to read their Bibles and record the expenses of the household. The subjects in which males and females were educated in directly reflects on what they were expected to contribute to their families when they got older (â€Å"Colonial Women†). In 1636, Harvard College was established as institute of higher education in America. Soon after Harvard, places of higher education began to pop up everywhere, including the English Academy, known today as the University of Pennsylvania, founded by Benjamin Franklin in the early 1700’s (University of Pennsylvania.). By this time, many parents taught their children at home with a bible and a hornbook. A hornbook was a wooded board with a handle that usually had a string that allowed it

Buddhism And Its Effect On Society - 842 Words

Buddhism originates from Hinduism, and thus it advocates samsaric cycle driven by karma (intentional action). Yet, it is distinct from Hinduism because it denies the existence of unchanging, eternal essence of human personality based on the doctrine of the impermanence of all compounded phenomena (197, 201). In Buddhism, there is nothing to be permanent and unaffected (203). Even if someone perceives his/her self as an unchanging core, such a feeling/perception is nothing but a result of an interaction between various metal and physical factors (203). That is, it is an illusion not a truth. In Buddhism, a human being consists of five aggregates: matter, feelings, perceptions, karmic formation or mental habit patterns, and consciousness (205). Among these five things, fourth aggregate is the most important in that karma is the driving force of the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (205). Although Buddhism approves that after death, the stream of consciousness is not destroyed but propelled through the subtle energy of the person’s past karmic patterns into a new birth, it does not mean that consciousness is not eternal (208). Just the flow of consciousness is transferred to the new birth according the guidance of karma. Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha while there is no founder in Hinduism. After realizing the universal and inescapable nature of suffering, Siddhartha finally attained the stage of the liberation (nirvana) through the path of meditation (199-200). So, theShow MoreRelatedHinduism And Taoism802 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast: Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism. Both Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism in religious context compare through origin, philosophy, and their social structures including their outlook on women. These three religious show south east Asian roots, cultural beliefs, and social conflicts and solutions. The origin and expansion of Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism are similar in that all of them were created in south east region of Asia and that they each expanded through the silk road inRead MoreBuddhism in Ancient Korea: The Impact1586 Words   |  6 Pageschanges in development in many cultures for many centuries. As religions grow within a society, inventions and social communication changes but these religions can take over the political power holding the society. The main religions introduced during Korea’s past are Shamanism, Daoism, and Confucianism, and Buddhism. Buddhism is the religion that changed the society of Korea the most in the ancient times. As Buddhism spread in Korea, great inventions were made, the power hold of Korea started leaningRead MoreHow Did Buddhism Spread Throught China? Essay829 Words   |  4 PagesThere are multiple reasons why and how Buddhism spread in China. I feel that factors like, religion, politics, and social, played a major part in s preading Buddhism throughout China. The factors mentioned are usually a contributor in global changes and has definitely played its part in China’s adapting a new belief. Of course there were other reasons, like economic, that caused the people of China to gravitate to the Buddhist ways. People reconsidering their faith, due to many of life downfalls orRead MoreThe Four Noble Truths Of Buddhism1635 Words   |  7 PagesIn the history of Buddhism, suffering has always remained a key concept as it is the main reason for using Buddhist principles and practices to relieve ourselves from it. The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism inform us of the following principles: suffering exists in life, there is a cause to our suffering, there is an end to our suffering, and following the eightfold path can relieve our suffering. Traditional forms of Buddhism suggest that we can overcome suffering by attaining Nirvana, or the stateRead More Siddhartha the Life of a Prophet Essay1376 Words   |   6 PagesBuddhism was brought to light about 500 BC by Siddhartha Gautama. Buddhism has not been described as a religion as such but rather as philosophy. The story of Siddhartha Gautama and how he brought Buddhism to limelight is quite moving. In this essay the thoughts of Siddhartha Gautama are explained and how the society reacted to his arguments. Generally this essay will briefly describe the achievements of Siddhartha Gautama in his quest to attain enlightenment and how that impacted the society ofRead MoreThe Goals of Hinduism and Buddhism Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages2. Hinduism and Buddhism are traditions that originated from the Vedic sacrifice practice, and they share a common foundation in their view of existence. What are the similarities, and very importantly, the differences in their respective focuses and goals? Also included in this topic: For a time, Buddhism became a dominant tradition in much of India, but then Hinduism rose to become the dominant tradition. There are relatively few Buddhists in India today, especially in comparison to the numberRead MoreBuddhism: Past and Present Essay665 Words   |  3 Pagesthat has had the most influential effect of all, religion. Throughout time there has been an abundance of different religions and practices formed over the years, from Christianity to Judaism, each of them having their own impacts on culture and society, one of the major religions that formed was Buddhism. Today we will discuss how Buddhism was founded, the practices of it, and how it has changed as it has entered a new area and interacted with a new people. Buddhism was founded by or Siddhartha GautamaRead MoreJapanese Scholars View of the Shinto Religion1110 Words   |  4 Pagesreligions, primarily Buddhism. While it may have been dependent on Buddhism in the past, during the Meiji Restoration Shinto was clearly separated out from any other religions and put on a pedestal. I will first describe how Shinto was largely believed to be an extension of Buddhism before the Meiji period, and then I will outline the many possible causes as to how Shinto began to solidify during the Meiji Reformation. The clearest description of the relationship between Buddhism and Shinto, pre-MeijiRead MoreBuddhism : A New Way Of Life Without Materialistic Needs Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesis a planet earth, and in this planet earth lives 7 billion people. We are all the same, but divided by key things; oceans and mountains, culture and society, but most important religions and beliefs. Out of the hundreds of practices and beliefs that make part of planet earth one of the most interesting form of religious practice is Buddhism. Buddhism is the practice of finding peace within one s self by developing inner peace, wisdom and kindness. This practice dates back 2,500 years, and the founderRead MoreEssay about Women and Buddhism618 Words   |  3 PagesWomen and Buddhism As a religion, Buddhism has a great impact on women, especially Asian women. Theravadan Buddhism, which is the early stage of Buddhism, depreciates women by a theory called â€Å"Five Blocks†. However, Buddhism started to affect women in a positive way when Buddha raised several doctrines and explained the theory in a more proper way. The â€Å"Five Blocks† theory can be summarized as women can’t achieve enlightenment because women are weak, jealous, annoying, desiring and having more

William Shakespeare s The Tempest Essay - 987 Words

â€Å"The rarer action is in virtue than in vengeance† (5.1.35-36). This quote from scene five of the Tempest gives the reader a glimpse of Shakespeare’s message regarding humanity. To be human means more than to have two feet, breathe in your lungs, and the ability to communicate. To be human is a choice. Being human means showing compassion and love for those around you. In the play the Tempest, Prospero struggles with his humanity. He possesses inhuman abilities that cause him to lose sight of the good qualities of human nature. The word human has more than one definition according to the Oxford English Dictionary. The most basic term, which we are all familiar with, is â€Å"Of the nature of the human race; that is a human, or consists of human beings; belonging to the species Homo sapiens† (Oxford English Dictionary). However, another definition of human is â€Å"Of, relating to, or characteristic of humans as distinguished from God or gods† (Oxford English Dictionary). This definition is pointing out the distinct difference between humans and gods. Along with this definition, a similar excerpt in the Oxford English Dictionary distinguishes between humans and animals stating â€Å"Of, relating to, or distinctive of people as distinguishes from other animals† (Oxford English Dictionary). The Oxford English Dictionary makes a point to differentiate between humans and creatures or gods. This relates back to the Tempest due to the variety of beings on the island. In the Tempest, the wordSh ow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1267 Words   |  6 Pagesaudience. During the Enlightenment Era, William Shakespeare’s writing were a form of social commentary on the English Government. Endorsed by the king, Shakespeare’s works told tales of tragedy and whimsy, incorporating both fiction and nonfiction elements. One trademark of Shakespeare s plays were the subtle allusions to the concurrent events in the English government. This is evident in his well known and final play, The Tempest. The story of The Tempest tells the tale of Prospero, a fallen dukeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Tragicomedy The Tempest1935 Words   |  8 Pagesstand alone, frequently including elements from other influences. William Shakespeare’s tragicomedy The Tempest (c:1611) is a play that uses intertextuality to enhance ideas about natural order. Banished to an island, Prospero, the rightful Duke of Milan, conjures up a tempest that brings him his usurping brother, Ant onio in an attempt to restore his Dukedom. The play’s amalgamation of tragicomedy and the pastoral genre allows Shakespeare to warn his audience about unbalance, criticising the lavish lifestyleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1256 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespare’s The Tempest introduces a dynamic and colorful protagonist, Prospero. Throughout the play, he establishes himself as a multi dimensional character. Prospero’s interaction with other characters in the play is vital in uncovering the many different sides of his personality. Prospero displays a different part of his personality when he interacts with Caliban, Ariel, and Ferdinand, all of whom are ploys in his master plan to regain his crown. Prospero assimilates his personality toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1229 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare most definitely did not reference Jeffrey Jerome Cohen’s Seven Monster Theses when writing his play, The Tempest. One of Cohen’s theses though - thesis four â€Å"The Monster Dwells at the Gates of Difference† - appears quite prominently in Shakespeare’s work. The thesis articulates that monsters are divisive and often arise in a culture to make one group seem superior to another. Further, societies devise monsters in order to create a scapegoat for social and political inequitiesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesStephen Greenblatt, believes that antagonists such as Caliban from The Tempest represent more than a source of evil. Some theorists argue that Caliban should been seen as a â€Å"colonial other.† I agree, and in this paper I demonstrate and give prime examples as to why Caliban is misunderstood and depicted as a monster when in fact he should be viewed as a native of the island. According to Greenblatt’s argument, in The Tempest, Caliban should be viewed as a colonial other rather than a universal evilRead Mo reWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest886 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Tempest, by William Shakespeare, there is a main issue of whether Prospero or Caliban have the better claim to control the island. In act 1, scene 2, we learn that Prospero, Miranda (his daughter), and Caliban are all located on an island. Caliban states, â€Å"This island’s mine by Sycorax my mother, (1.2.331), which means that he has inherited this island from his mother. However, critic Stephen Orgel has argued that â€Å"Power, as Prospero presents it in the play, is not inherited but self-createdRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest947 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeare’s The Tempest, Caliban is the primitive monster who belongs to the bottom of the power hierarchy on the island claimed by Prospero. Caliban, the original inhabitant of the island, unwillingly becomes Prospero’s slave as he uses magic to take control of the island. Prospero sees Caliban as the savage and monster who does not acknowledge the order of civilization despite his efforts to educate him. Caliban appears as an inferior and beast-like figure from nature in the eyes of the civilizedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1499 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s play â€Å"The Tempest† outlines many complex characters. One of which was Prospero, former Duke of Milan and powerful sorcerer. Prospero initially portrays a self-involved personality and God-complex but then throughout the course of the play this personality trait transpires into a more pragmatic approach to his life. All of these traits of this character makes it difficult to analyze the true character of Prospero. In the first Act of the play, we see Prospero using sorcery to drum upRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tempest brings out the discussion of rule, in this play the theme of rule is prominent, especially in the beginning of the play where the conversation between Prospero and Miranda (his daughter) lead the actions of Prospero, this paper will be analysing the hierarchy of the characters, the definition of justice for Prospero and who’s the king of Milan. Prospero has magical powers which is seen later in the play, the play starts off by the telling the story of the current king and his crew onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Tempest843 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare was one of the world’s greatest Renaissance era playwrights. His plays were a part of culture in Renaissance England. Everyone from King James to peasants came to see his works. However, his reign was coming to an end. With thirty eight plays written, Shakespeare decided that ‘The Tempest’ was to end his illustrious, prolific career. It is known that throughout this play the word ‘cell’ is used more frequently than in any of Shakespeare’s works. The uses of the word ‘cell’ throughout

How McDonalds Markets Its Products In England free essay sample

Original research project in which raw data is collected about McDonalds in England off of the internet. Secondary phase of research consisted of telephone interviews with various respondents. How McDonalds Markets Its Products in England Summary McDonalds is an international restaurant business, with franchises and owner-operated stores throughout the world. There are over 15,000 locations in 79 countries and a new McDonalds restaurant opens every 13 hours. 85% of the restaurants are independently owned and operated, with company-run stores making up the other 15%. Stock increased by 16% in 1994, and 25% of all McDonalds stock is owned by employees, licensees, and suppliers (McDonalds, 1997). Determining relative data on the marketing of McDonalds products throughout England became a somewhat challenging and daunting task, inasmuch as there is a large amount of material available both in printed form and on the Worldwide Web. Not

Impacts of Mega Event free essay sample

The outcomes discussed deal with the positive and negative side; with effect to the tourism in United Kingdom (UK). The scope of this paper first covers the description of London Olympics; followed by the event experiences, outcomes, sustainability and lastly recommendation. 2. Description of Event 2. 1 History The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is formed in 1894, which sets the Olympic as an international four-yearly sports game to be hosted by different countries each time (Savic, 2007). In 2012, the summer Olympics returns to London for the third time (wheeler, 2012). London won the bid by taking almost half of the total votes, overcoming other strong competitors such as Paris, Moscow, Madrid and New York (wheeler, 2012). As a result, London gained its right to be chosen as the host city for XXX Olympiad 2012. 2. 2 Characteristics 2. 2. 1 Form In every event, there is a beginning and an end to it. Form is the primary concern for event’s planners and designers; as it has the ability to formed professionalism and has resulted in many successful businesses (Getz, 2012). Every type of event has its own element of style and culture. What makes it unique depends on the nature of the event. For instance, London Olympics evolve around the matters of athletic competitions and conferences for the sport committees. The Olympic Games are strictly obeyed by specific rules for the games that must be respected (Savic, 2007). 2. 2. 2 Theme and Design A theme comes in the form of an idea that combines the meaning to the event (Getz, 2012). The London Olympics vision is to strive to provide athletes with an environment of friendship, excellence and enjoyment (The Gregorian House, 2012). The whole idea of the London’s Olympics is to establish a world-class design. The use of world-class facilities, Olympic Park and other famous historical locations are seen, such as World Heritage sites of Greenwich, the Palace of Westminster and the Tower of London; Wembley Stadium; Lord’s Cricket Ground; Wimbledon; Horse Guards Parade; the Royal Parks and Eton Dorney (The Gregorian House, 2012). 3. Event Experiences 3. 1 Target Market Target market refers to the audiences of the events, even the sponsors and attendees. Olympic tourism tends to derive from the global audiences who tuned in to watch and the spectators who bought the tickets to watch live respectively (Kaplanidou, 2009). These people constitutes to the sport tourist markets with a common interests and cultural background. However, sport tourists who travel to London to attend the event can differ on their impression on the destination itself based on their prospections, political views and ethnical differences (Kaplanidou, 2009). 3. 2 Stakeholders In the London Olympics, there are some major key stakeholders who directly or indirectly contributed to the event. These key personnel include the mayor, the city council, the local economic development board, local and regional convention and tourism bureaus, the state government and the national government (Ahga, Fairley amp; Gibson, 2011). The organising committee for the Olympic Games plays a huge role in producing the Olympics; others include the volunteers, facilitators, suppliers, regulators, collaborators, co-producers and the audience. Refer to appendix A for stakeholder model of London Olympics). 3. 3 Meanings Mega event such as London Olympics has the impact to gain acceptability and respect, great influence to its achievements, promote tourism and businesses, and to expose its country to international recognition (Getz, 2012). Furthermore, the hosting of an Olympics enables the locals to have a sense of community and place in a secure environment (Getz, 2012). The meaning of a sporting event incorporates cultural aspects too, so as to widen social relationships. Cultural values are being displayed in London Olympics through sportsmanship with minimum signs of hostile acts, supremacy and corruption (Oxford Economics, 2012). 3. 4 Motivations Motivations of the attendees and athletes are being contrast between intrinsic and extrinsic (Ritchie, Shipway amp; Cleeve, 2009). The extrinsic part refers to the common impact that affects the whole community while the intrinsic may differ in terms of the individualities of the people involved in the event. The explanation for the intrinsically motivated people is largely due to the differences in perceptions to the event (Ritchie et al. , 2009). For instance, in the London Olympics, survey has shown that residents and tourists have evidences of satisfaction and contentment from attending the event itself (Oxford Economics, 2012). Furthermore, they felt happy being involved as a volunteer, enjoyment arises from the proximity to the event, the cultural showcases and sense of pride (Oxford Economics, 2012). 4. Outcomes of Event 4. 1 Social and Cultural outcomes 4. 1. Expenditure and investment in events The economy of a host city such as the London Olympics is closely related to its investments and expenditures spent (Getz, 2012). The amount of money invested solely for the Olympics, could be otherwise spent on social and cultural expenditures. Conversely, the revenue earned back from the tourism industry can largely generate new capital for the improvisation of social and cultural progra mmes (Getz, 2012). London will be benefited directly in terms of the new money flows from the tourists to its residents and local corporations. Social Exchange theory’ implies that although some groups will benefit from the event, there are other groups that will be affected negatively in terms of drawback, unhappiness and potential governmental issues (Getz, 2012). Furthermore, social exchange theory is an essential tool to study the resident’s perceptions of tourism impacts, as exchange theory suggests that those who benefit will support the event and others are at a disadvantaged (Ritchie, Shipway amp; Cleeve, 2009). For instance, residents of London may looks at the brighter side of bringing tourism to its country for the purpose of individual advantages. However, the negative views of tourism will results in the offset of benefits by charges. 4. 1. 2 Community participation Social capital refers to investments made by the citizens, corporations, organsiations and government in creating safer and conducive communities (Schulenkorf, 2009). For instance, the hosting of London Olympics gives opportunities for creating social capital and community development through the building of networks, faith and acceptance regarding the notion of sporting (Schulenkorf, 2009). Ultimately, it’s the celebration and gatherings among the athletes and spectators that foster social capital through cohesiveness, supports, cooperation and sincerity (Schulenkorf, 2009). Furthermore, participation and volunteerism enables people to understand each other better, and active commitment results in a wider social circle and a sense of belonging (Schulenkorf, 2009). To stage the London Olympics, the success largely comes from the initiative and effort put in by the communities and a leader who motivates and monitors the contents of event closely (Schulenkorf, 2009). . 1. 3 Event-related development, activities and traffic The hosting of Olympics in London was gererally supported by the local resident in the usage of their land and resources (Konstantaki amp; Wickens, 2010). However, the UK residents’ quality of life will be deteriorated due to issues of queuing, overcrowding, sharing of venues and facilities, road blocks, route disturbance and parking proble m (Konstantaki amp; Wickens, 2010). Thus the UK government has tried to resolve the problem by compensating with incentives and to extend greater hospitality and politeness to both the tourists and locals (Konstantaki amp; Wickens, 2010). All these problems arise during the construction of infrastructures for the Olympics and during the event itself when there is an influx of visitors. Also, more tourists and migrants’ arrival will likely to attract the act of misconduct such as theft, molestation, vandalism, drunken-fight and other security concerns (Taylor amp; Toohey, 2007). Traffic accidents will also rise due to heavy traffic and lost goat on the street. In order to mitigate these negative concerns, UK officials have employed a substantial security force consisting of police and armed personnel; the extensive investment in transport facilities and several projects were drafted to keep the population motivated by participating and volunteering for the sports activities in regards to the event (Konstantaki amp; Wickens, 2010). 4. 1. 4 Media Coverage Mega- event such as the London Olympics generates a massive publicity through media coverage and international broadcast through the television. Due to the high public viewing and representative’s demonstration, it leads to an easy target for terrorist movement (Taylor amp; Toohey, 2007). In regards to the safety issue for the UK population, London is well-known to be under the bombing threat of the Irish Republican Army for a long time (Taylor amp; Toohey, 2007). Hence, in lieu to the hosting of London Olympics, there is a massive import of surveillance network devices planted throughout the city (Cohn, 2005 cited in Taylor amp; Toohey, 2007). 4. 2 Economic Outcomes 4. 2. 1 New money and investment London was awarded to host the XXX summer Olympics, which leads to the generating of a huge sum of new money being distributed to the UK’s economy, Statistics has shown that London 2012 Games will generates extra tourist expenditure of ? 2 billion contribution between 2005 and 2017 (Oxford Economics, 2012). The inflow of funds to the economy sector will not be derived without the Olympics. This sum of new money generated largely contributed from the sponsors, organisers, broadcasters, athletes, attendees, notables VIPs and the local residents (Kasimati, 2003). Refer to appendix C) To get a broader view of the economic impact of the London Olympics, the concept of multiplier is used (Kasimati, 2003). The multiplier effect refers to the increase in final income arising from any new injection of spending (Kasimati, 2003). The total amount of new money injected is classified in three major segments: the direct effect, indirect effect and the induced effect (Kasimati, 2003). Direct effect refers to money spent at front-line tourism-related establishments. Indirect effect refers to those subsequent effects as a result of the direct economic effects. The induced effects refers to the direct and indirect levels of economic impact, income will accrue to residents of the local economy. Therefore, the multiplier concept is an invaluable tool that creates economic impacts of changes in the distribution of tourism spending across all sectors of the local economy. According to Oxford economics (2012), â€Å"the construction activity for London 2012 and its legacy will support an estimated ? 13. 5 billion contribution to UK’s GDP† (p. 0). 4. 2. 2 Displacement effect and time-switching There are several models and framework to determine and calculates the economic impacts of events. Input-Output model is one of the frequent use method (Kirkup amp; Mayor, 2006). However, the down side of this method was being critised for its limitations in modelling out the negative impacts and obligations (Kirkup amp; Mayor, 2006). As a result, an other suitable method is the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) framework that controls many of the displacement consequences (Kirkup amp; Mayor, 2006). It is a result in which tourists choose to avoid the city due to the concerns of the event-related jam-packing, while the locals are driven to leave town or stay at home (Getz, 2012). According to Oxford Economics (2012), it has predicted London will lose ? 375 million from tourism as visitors delay plans to come to the city until the London Olympics (p. 5). Furthermore, displacement of global tourists due to the time switching of visits in colliding with the London Olympics, or simply to flock away the city due to fear of infrastructure construction activity that might affect their enjoyable moods (Oxford Economics, 2012). In addition, there is also expenditure switching, whereby time-switching occurs for the international visitors, while the government switch public expenditure from the construction of infrastructures to other communal works (Mules amp; Faulkner, 1996). 4. 3 Environmental Outcomes 4. 3. 1 Ecological footprint The environmental impacts of sport event can be measured by the technique of ecological footprint (Getz, 2012). It determines the amount of land to supply the resources usage by the population during the event and the waste accumulated in post event (Colins, Jones amp; Munday, 2009). Largely, this technique focuses more on the depletion of resources at a global scale rather than only the local. For instance, in the UK Olympics, the study of ecological footprint has alerted the officials that the per capital footprints of several cities of UK were significantly higher than the world’s average. This has resulted in the serious depletion in the Earth’s resources in terms of biological volume (Colins, Jones amp; Munday, 2009). (Refer to appendix E) 4. 3. 2 Pollutions Mega events such as the London Olympics are highly prone to their alleged negativity on its environment, and more specifically the impact to climate change (Colins, Jones amp; Munday, 2009). Air quality is significantly affected by exhaust gas and steam emission from the vehicles and airplanes (David, 2009). Noise pollution produced from the cheering in the tournament and entertainment facilities. Land pollution due to littering in the stadium, resulted in decomposition toxicity (David, 2009). Additionally, untreated leakage from sewages affects vegetation and inhabitation (David, 2009). Moreover, it also indirectly affected the wild and resident’s living conditions through eutrofisation. Having said, London Olympics has made a significant effort in mitigating these negative environmental impact. The London Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games are planning to construct Olympic Village which achieves an ‘excellent’ eco-rating, hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles in replacement with petroleum cars and shorter distance between venues (Colins, Jones amp; Munday, 2009). In addition, London launched a Sustainable Development Strategy to minimise carbon emissions, waste and water use, whilst maximising the use of environmental friendly transport and material. One of the recognizable efforts done was on fuel-cell propulsion for event vehicles and renewable energy generation for athletes’ accommodation (Colins, Jones amp; Munday, 2009). (Refer to appendix D) 5. Evaluation of sustainability According to Hall (2012), â€Å"sustainability constitute of ethical behaviour, accountability, and transparency; engagement of the community and local stakeholders; positive benefits for the environment and society; accessible and inclusive setting; safe and secure atmosphere and facilities for spectators, participants, and workers; excellent customer/client experience; and a positive legacy (p. 121). There are three types of approach to sustainability of a mega event. Firstly, the economic sustainability which seeks to evaluate the short and long terms impact on the economic growth of the host city (Hall, 2012). This approach seeks to focus on the event’s contribution to the economic growth in terms of GDP, tourism rate and expenditure incurred. The economic capital can also be measured by using the return on investment (ROI) evaluation whereby it calculates the efficiency of investment on an event (Getz, 2012). The second approach is the balanced sustainability where it focuses to equalize the triple-bottom line approach laid out in an event’s system (Hall, 2012). Primarily, it evaluates the sustainability of an event through productivity and industrial problems. Additionally, this approach establishes the comparative per- capita enhancement in regards to sustainability rather than just purely input and no output (Hall, 2012). Lastly, the steady-state approach refers to the conservation aspects of an event. For instance, London’s Olympic Park sets to reform the area to an urban green land, which acts as a catalyst for neighborhood renewal (Hall, 2012). (Refer to appendix F) 6. Recommendations Some of the areas of improvement were made to further ensure that the London Games are effective, and that residents have a positive perception and a unique experience after the event. These recommendations focus on areas such as the transportation, celebration of victories, emergency evacuation planning and the legacy of the Games (Konstantaki amp; Wickens, 2010). Firstly, community groups should be assisted in planning the celebration of the Games; by providing guidelines, supports and backup with road closures for street parties; and organizing more promoting events across the country. Secondly, security level must be raised as bomb threats and terrorist attacks from jihadi groups and al-Qaida are highly likely (Konstantaki amp; Wickens, 2010). 7. Conclusion From the discussions and arguments collated, London Olympics is considered to be a sustainable one. Based on the study of several frameworks and models, the assessment for the impacts of London Olympics was reviewed and supported with relevant evidences from the event itself. Besides that, the paper also discusses on description of London Olympics; followed by the event experiences, outcomes, sustainability and lastly recommendation. Word Count: 2699 8. References I. Agha, N. , Fairley, S. , amp; Gibson, H. (2011). Considering legacy as a multi-dimensional construct: The legacy of the Olympic Games. Sport Management Review, 15, 125-139. II. Collins, A. , Jones, C. , amp; Munday, M. (2009). Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options?. Tourism Management, 30, 828-837. III. David, L. (2009). Events and Tourism: An Environmental Approach and Impact Assessment. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, 2(2), 101-114. IV. Getz, D. (2012). Event Studies- Theory, Research and Policy for planned Events, 2nd Edition. New York, Canada: Routledge. V. Hall, C. (2012). Sustainable Mega-events: Beyond the myth of balanced approaches to Mega-event sustainability. Event Management, 16, 119-131. VI. Kaplanidou, K. (2009). Relationships among Behavioral Intentions, Cognitive Event and Destination Images among Different Geographic Regions of Olympic Games Spectators. Journal of Sport amp; Tourism, 14(4), 249-272. VII. Kasimati, E. (2003). Economic Aspects and the Summer Olympics: a Review of Related Research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5, 433-444. VIII. Kirkup, N. , amp; Major, B. (2006). Doctoral Foundation Paper: The Reliability of Economic Impact Studies of the Olympic Games: A Post-Games Study of Sydney 2000 and Considerations for London 2012. Journal of Sport amp; Tourism, 11(3), 275-296. IX. Konstantaki, M. , amp; Wickens, E. (2010). Residents’ Perceptions of Environmental and Security Issues at the 2012 London Olympic Games. Journal of Sport amp; Tourism, 15(4), 337-357. X. Mules, T. , amp; Faulkner, B. (1996). A Economic perspective on special events. Tourism Economics, 2(2), 107-117. XI. Oxford Economics. (2012). London 2012: what is the economic impact on the UK?. Retrieved from http://www. lloydsbankinggroup. com /media /pdfs/lbg/2012/ Eco_impact_report. pdf XII. Ritchie, B. , Shipway, R. , amp; Cleeve, B. (2009). Resident Perceptions of Mega-Sporting Events: A Non-Host City Perspective of the 2012 London Olympic Games. Journal of Sport amp; Tourism, 14(2), 143-167. XIII. Savic, Z. (2007). The Olympic Games as a Cultural Event. Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc. , Gymn, 37(3), 7-13. XIV. Schulenkorf, N. (2009). An ex ante framework for the strategic study of social utility of sport events. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(2), 120-131. XV. Taylor, T. , amp; Toohey, K. (2007). Perceptions of Terrorism Threats at the 2004 Olympic Games: Implications for Sport Events. Journal of Sport amp; Tourism, 12(2), 99-114. XVI. The Gregorian House. (2012). London Olympics 2012. Retrieved from http://www. georgianhousehotel. co. uk/london-events/london-olympics-2012. asp XVII. Wheelers,H. (2012). Olympic Games Timeline. Retrieved from http://www. historyonthenet. com/Olympics/olympics_timeline. htm 9. Appendices A. Source: Getz Event Studies Textbook 2010 B. Source: Li,S. , amp; Blakes,A. (2009). Estimating Olympic-related Investment and Expenditure. International Journal of Tourism Research,11, 337-356. C. Source: Kasimati, E. (2003). Economic Aspects and the Summer Olympics: a Review of Related Research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5, 433-444. D. Source: David, L. (2009). Events and Tourism: An Environmental Approach and Impact Assessment. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, 2(2), 101-114. E. Source: Collins, A. , Jones, C. , amp; Munday, M. (2009). Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options?. Tourism Management, 30, 828-837. F. Source: Hall, C. (2012). Sustainable Mega-events: Beyond the myth of balanced approaches to Mega-event sustainability. Event Management, 16, 119-131. G. Source: www. geography. org. uk