How is conflict portrayed in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

How is conflict portrayed in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay Shakespeares portrayal of conflict is evident in a variety of ways. The audiences perception of the emotional and physical conflict relies on the language of the characters, character actions and the contrasting scenes reflecting the contrasting conflicts. Moral, emotional, religious, social and private force conflict are all expressed and explored through the play. How successful has Shakespeare been in investigation these forms of conflict for effect on the audience?Romeo and Juliet is a tragic drama that consists of several elements of comedy, romance and tragedy. The play was written by William Shakespeare allegedly between the years 1591 and 1596 and was first printed in 1597.The story was already well established in the Elizabethan era and was introduced to the English audience by the poet Arthur Brooks from his adaptation of Pyramus and Thisbe. Several details and aspects of Shakespeares play have been directly incorporated from Brooks poem and such appropriation of other stor ies and use of existing material is characteristic of Shakespeare.The characterization and the constant use of contrasting images of disarray, love, admiration and connections with society, religion and family would appeal to the audience through its use of tragic downfall, human destruction and relation of mankind to tragic action.The public or social institutions that either explicitly or implicitly oppose the existence of their love include families and the placement of familial power in the father, law and desire for public order, religion and the social importance placed on the masculine order. These societal institutions provide an obstacle for Romeo and Juliet and combine to create a profound conflict for the couple.There are several conventions incorporated into Shakespeares plays, sonnets and texts. The tragic hero was commonly used and was a nobleman of prosperity and status. Generally, the character had some moral weakness or imbalance which eventually led to their emotio nal or physical downfall. Some examples of these are Macbeth and his ambition, Romeo and his emotions and Othello and his jealousy.Another convention that was consistently used was a character that was responsible for restoring or maintaining order in the face of disruptive or anarchic behaviour (Prince Escalus and Theseus) and a figure that represented such disorder and disturbance (Mercutio, Tybalt, Bottom and Pluck). External influences such as fate and supernatural were also included, and the downfall of an innocent is apparent are several of his plays, including Mercutios, Banquos and Desdemonas death.A philosophical aspect is also frequently used, involving issues and themes such personal identity, the importance of love in human existence and the power of language to help or hinder communication.The portrayal of conflict through the use of specific language is identifiable in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet.The use of antithesis and oxymorons expresses and exaggerates conflict through its use of direct or exact oppositions and contradictory phrases. The contrast between light and dark is a consistent visual motif and is used to provide a sensory contrast and a suggestion of opposed alternatives. An example of such light and dark imagery is evident in act 3 scene 5, when exiled Romeo remains with Juliet and pretends that it is still night and the lightness is the darkness: More light and light, more dark and dark our woes.The opposition of fate and free will and the inevitability of predetermined action are also addressed several times in the play to create a concept that permeates and influences the audiences perception of the events. The opening scene in Romeo and Juliet states that the couple are star crossed lovers and that a power vested in the movement of the stars dominates their activity. The characters awareness of the existence of fate can be interpreted through the characters constant visions and omens. Upon the news of the death of Juliet, Rome o exclaims: then I defy you, stars! and reinforces the concept that the love between Romeo and Juliet is in opposition to the decrees of destiny. It can then be annotated that the feud between the family of Montague and Capulet, Friar Lawrences plan to reunite the couple and the tragic timing of Romeos suicide and Juliets awakening were manifestations that brought out the unavoidable outcome of the lovers death.Both the connections and oppositions between love and violence and the perception that love is the cause of violence is a notably distinguishable opposition in the play. The love shared between Romeo and Juliet is at the point of inception associated and linked with death. After Tybalt discovery of Romeo at Capulets feast, he is determined to kill him and threatens Romeo by stating: I will withdraw, but this intrusion shall, Now seeming sweet convert to bittrest gall. In addition to this, after the meeting of Romeo and Juliet, they are constantly consumed by thoughts of suici de and the willingness to experience it. In Act 3 scene 3, after Romeo is banished from Verona, Romeo brandishes a knife in Friar Lawrences cell and threatens to kill himself. Three scenes later, Juliet also express her determinacy of experiencing suicide and withdraws a knife in the presence of Friar Lawrence to show her disagreement about marrying Paris. This constant reference to death is repetitive until the final inevitable conclusion of the suicide of both Romeo and Juliet.An oxymoron is a rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined to create a sense of conflict through the unbalance and instability of the phrases. An example of such a language device is apparent in act 3 scene 1, where Romeo reflects on the brawl through the use of oxymorons and oppositional words: O brawling love, O loving hate. These contradictory words emphasise the love versus hate theme and supports the concept that love is a cause of violence.Personification is a figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form. Shakespeare uses several examples of personification when portraying the image of Death as Juliets husband: And death, not Romeo, take my maidenhead. This exaggerates and relates to the underlying theme of conflict and bereavement within the play.Juliet is one of the principle personages in the play and her progression of her maturity and individuality is a key aspect of the appeal of her character. At the beginning of the play she is expectant of her fourteenth birthday and is portrayed as being innocent, sheltered and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve. She is reluctant to take part in adult conversation and appear to respect her mothers authority. She shows discomfort discussing the subject of sex and commands the Nurse to cease her recital of a sexual joke at Juliets expense.When Lady Capulet mentions Paris interest in marrying Juliet, Juliet replies: Ill look to like, if looking liking move: But no more deep will I endart mine eyethan your consent gives strength to make it fly. This response seems childish in its obedience and in its immature concept of love, and may be interpreted as a passive resistance and an implication of her acquiescence to her mothers control.After Juliets acquaintance with Romeo however, she develops maturity and liberation from her prior social moorings. The death of Tybalt and the banishment of Romeo results in Juliet coming to a logical conclusion that her love and devotion to Romeo is her guiding priority.This development from a shy, reserved girl to a self assured, loyal and capable woman appeals to the audience through the concept of characterisation. The progression and advancement of a characters mental and physical state would intrigue and attract the audience as they witness the advancement of a character steadily throughout the play.The patriarchal power structure inherent in Renaissance families, wherein the f ather controls the action of the family places Juliet in a vulnerable position and provides her with a moral and societal conflict that results in the death of her and Romeo. The law and the emphasis on social civility demands terms of conduct with which the blind passion of love cannot comply.Mercutio is both the princes kinsman and Romeos friend and confidant. He establishes himself as a character of great importance and acts as a force to decrease the prospect of the power tragic fate. He relies on satire and serves as comic relied to the melancholy mood of Romeo. Mercutio both possesses an intense friendship for Romeo and a strong dominion of male honour. His courage in defending the honour of his friend results consequently to his death. In contrast to Romeos idealization of love, Mercutio ridicules it, perceiving it only as sex. He loves incorporating sexual double meaning into his phrases and his imaginative creativity can be seen as feverish and neurotic.The conflicts that M ercutio manages throughout the play include violent conflict, anger and the importance of masculine honour.Shakespeares alteration of scene contrasts and contrasting forms of physical and emotional conflict is evident throughout the play and appeals to the audience through the inducement of stimulated and excited responses.In act 1 scene 1, there is a rousing physical conflict between the Montague and Capulet household which purposely attracts the audiences attention and provides background information on the family rivalry. The opening scene of the play establishes a majority of the major themes and introduces the importance of masculine honour in Verona, where a man must defend his respect whenever it is transgressed verbally or physically against. This concept of masculine honour exists in all the divisions of the social hierarchy and acts a principal cause of the physical and violent conflict in the play.The establishment of conflict between the two households and feelings for e ach other is directly approached in this scene and immediately create a societal conflict for Romeo and Juliet. After the prince arrives and institutes the death penalty for any one who disturbs the peace again in the streets of Verona, the stakes for letting private passion overwhelm public sobriety rises to a new level and results in the banishment of Romeo. The Princes warning also institutes a better understanding of the severity of the conflict and donates the audience with an acceptance of the familial conflict between Romeo and Juliet.In the first scene of act 3, there is a build up to fighting and fatal violence that results in the death of Mercutio and Tybalt and an emphasis of masculine world in which notions of honour, pride and status are prone to erupt in a fury of conflict. The danger of the plays social environment is a dramatic tool that is incorporates by Shakespeare produce a romance that more susceptible to violence and disorder. Romeo accepts the responsibilities upon him by the social institutions of honour and family duty through his use of the term effeminate, which is applied by the public world of honour upon those things it does not respect.The arrival of the Prince results in the banishment of Romeo to preserve the public peace of Verona. The Prince unwillingly thwarts the love of the couple, and the relationship of Romeo and Juliet puts Romeo in danger of violent reprisal from both Juliets kinsmen and the state.In act 3 scene 5, the theme of language versus reality occurs again as Juliet claims that the lark is truly the nightingale and that the day has not yet befallen. In the confrontation with her parents after Romeos departure, Juliet overthrows the patriarchal power structure inherent in Renaissance families. The conflict against the familial power of the father is one of the underlying contests for Juliet. The defiance of her father expresses her maturity gained through her relationship and sexual experience with Rome. Her ref usal to marry Paris provides insight on her limited powers and becomes a primary reason of the consequent tragedy.In the final act, the deaths of Romeo and Juliet occur in a sequence of compounding stages. Throughout the play, Shakespeare has held up the possibility of suicide as an inherent aspect of intense and dramatic love and considers this suicidal impulse as an element as much part of it as the romantic euphoria. The double suicide in the play represents the fulfilment of love and the self-destructive impulse that has surged and flexed beneath their love. Juliet tries to kill herself with a kiss: an act of love intended as violence. When this fails, she stabs herself with a happy dagger, happy because it reunites her with her love. This results in violence being the final deed of profound love.

Four Functions of Management Essays

Four Functions of Management Essays Four Functions of Management Paper Four Functions of Management Paper In the process of collaborating people and resources to execute company objectives, management strategies these four elements to make the superlative use of materials, time, money, and skills. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are interdependent core elements of successful management. Planning Planning delivers a strategic value through the specification of goals and the outlining of pertinent actions for achievement. Value is understood as the monetary gain associated with how well the supply (goods and services) meets the demand (user needs) in terms of efficiency, speed, and quality. Planning can be derived from arioso user sources such as customers, business owners, suppliers, employees, stakeholders, communities, and even whole nations. The objective of planning is to seize opportunities develop, fortify, and uphold competitive advantage. Planning sets the stage for project management (Bateman Snell, 2009). Planning includes duties such as: 1 . Analyzing current arrangement 2. Projecting future situations 3. Establishing objectives 4. Activity engagement 5. Corporate strategies 6. Resource management Recently, my company decided to merge with a sister company to blanket more Mounties for health insurance coverage. My company is currently in the planning phase. The company has decided to merge one department at a time and reassess the scenario for further decision-making. The six step process listed above for planning must be revisited multiple times for the total plan to merge. Organizing Organizing supports the dynamic of an organization through the coordination of informational data, employees, financial accord, physical structure, and company resources. A company needs to remain flexible and adaptable to competition and customer needs. : Human resource organization strives to attract and retain the most diverse population needed for success (Bateman Snell, 2009). Organizing management castles entail 2. Job duty specification 3. Departmental grouping 4. Allocating capital company attractiveness 5. Cultivate conditions for maximum success My company uses organization strategies through the human resources department. The human resource department is responsible for departmental divisions and the physical organization of the departments location in the companys building. The unman resources department determines Job duties and coordinating salary according to an alphabetical scale the company has developed. One can tell the weight of Job responsibilities and a general salary range through the A through Z grade of a position. Leading Leading is a motivational position in management that involves close contact with people. Leading is predicated on communication with groups and individuals. Leading takes place in the smallest of teams to the largest of executive staff within an organization. Leading functions of a manager give employees motivation to come to ark, while the motivation of executives gives managers inspiration to do their Jobs. Leading gets others to contribute their ideas. Leading is to mobile people towards company objectives through guidance and inspiration (Bateman Snell, 2009). Delegation is a major portion of leading. Effective delegation frees the manager to focus on managerial tasks such as planning and control (Lorena, 2008, 1 2). My company effectively cultivates leading through regular meetings that encourage the thoughts of employees. Discussions are focused on in each meeting to give mattes the opportunity for commentary on process improvement. Controlling Controlling is a learning process that monitors tasks, encourages quality performance, and challenges change. In essence, controlling is quality assurance that organizational goals are being meet, safety guidelines are being followed, and company resources are being used effectively and efficiently. Controlling is ultimately about monitoring performance (Bateman Snell, 2009). In an article titled Pass It On! , the author states, We tend to have the mind-set that says, If you want it done right, do it yourself. After all, how else can we control quality? (Whitman, 2007, 1 2). Controlling is ultimately about quality assurance of execution. An effective manager must be able to entrust employees with the workload duties. My current employer has a quality assurance department which is solely dedicated to monitoring the work of employees through recorded telephone lines and regular paperwork audits. Conclusion Management using the following core elements to use employees and company resources to achieve organizational goals: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

Consumer socialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer socialization - Essay Example For children, a "gift" is anything they get beyond the basics of food, shelter and tools necessary to perform their studies. They soon recognize specific occasions for receiving gifts, such as their birthday and holidays like Christmas, Easter, and Hanukkah, among others, but continue to seek and receive gifts for other reasons such as good behavior or success in school. Often a gift for good grades is given at the end of the school term. This is all considered "dependent" consumption, as children do not yet have access to their own money to make purchases. Bjurstrom also refers to it as the "gift economy". It is not exclusive to children, of course. Adults use gifts for many reasons, primarily relationship-building and maintenance throughout their lives. (Bjurstrom, 2003.) "Independent" consumption, defined as supporting oneself from one's own income, is a large factor in the transition from childhood to adulthood today. Gender socialization does have an influence on the transition from dependent to independent consumption, while this is diminishing in many countries. Many women, even in developed countries, never fully evolve in their consumer socialization beyond the "gift economy." Their ideal husband is strong and loving, and buys what is needed and wanted without asking questions. The sooner young people of both genders are taught and encouraged to integrate dependent and independent consumption, the more effective consumers they will be. Young people should learn to use money from their allowances, and earnings from household chores, to buy birthday gifts for friends and family members as soon as possible, even if the gifts are small in size and value. This will help them learn to select and purchase, use money wisely, and understand the emotional and relationship impacts of receiving and giving gifts. While the age of young people who are able to practice fully independent consumption is getting later and later in the developed nations, due to the prolonged time they spend in post-secondary education, they are beginning to practice some forms of independent consumption at earlier ages in the 21st century than in the 20th. This is due to factors such as family income, as in many families around the world, both parents now work outside the home and earn income. (Bjurstrom, 2003.) Family income is a critically important factor in a study of consumer socialization in south Asia, based on surveys analyzed by M.F. Sabri, J. Masud, and L. Paim, of the University Putra Malaysia. The survey respondents were college students. The replies were given by 68% female respondents and 32% male. They lived in both rural and urban areas, and came from families with an average of 5 children. Most often they were middle children, rather than the oldest or youngest. This research also demonstrates the consumer socialization influences on these young respondents, aged 17 to 21. These young people were able to be relatively independent consumers due to their family income. Their parents could afford to send them to university and provide them with a generous allowance to use for living expenses. Most of the students lived away from

Rural Tourism in UK Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Rural Tourism in UK - Dissertation Example 1 Introduction 1.1 Background study Large-scale globalisation has led to widespread economic reframing, which has created an environment where local economies must necessarily adjust, for augmenting or maintaining the viability of their socio-economic conditions under the altered climate. Social and economic forces that are functioning at global levels ascertain both the type and and nature of rural regions and how they are used and valued (Butler, Hall, and Jenkins, 1998). These socioeconomic modifications along with new approaches and thoughts on recreation and leisure time activities are increasingly promoting rural tourism worldwide (Williams 1995). Developing areas not perceived favourably as tourist destinations, for rural tourism depends on two main factors. First, in some cases, tourist attraction may be slowly built-up by entrepreneurs through innovative businesses, like entertainment parks. Secondly, on some cases visitors may suddenly discover an area, generating a sudden increase in demand for recreation and leisure time activities, which gives the local entrepreneurs an opportunity to respond and develop their local area. However, development of rural tourism is not merely based on the concept of balancing local supply with tourist demand, but includes issues of sustainability, and evaluating the suitability and acceptability, as regards the local community, in view of developing the area as a tourist spot. There are various debates over defining the term rural tourism, and a review of the literature reveals that no consensus over the issue has been arrived yet (Pearce and Moscardo, 1985; Bramwell 1994). As Oppermann claimed, â€Å"there is not even a commonly accepted definition of what rural tourism is† (1996, pp. 86-87). This lack of consensus, as regards defining rural tourism, arises from the absence of a common standard used for measuring nature and type of rural tourism by different countries, worldwide. Therefore, rural tourism seen in various countries of the world, do not share any common characteristics. Observations also reveal that rural tourism does not necessarily pertain to only the typical rural form of activities, it can also be urban type situated in a rural area. Rural areas all over the world are experiencing intricate socioeconomic changes due to effect of globalisation, technology and communications that have altered the conditions for market operations and distributions for local and traditional items (Frochot, 2005). Besides this, owing to globalisation many of the rural areas have witnessed large-scale depopulation while others have experienced large-scale influx of immigrants or inflow of elderly people looking for retirement, or others looking for establishing innovative business types that may not be local or traditional in nature. Generally, rural tourism is associated with the form of tourism where rural culture is the chief element or the main component of

Literature and Cinema Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Literature and Cinema - Movie Review Example Bremer is not expressive about the writer's style, setting and structure in a novel; and the extent of its application to its film adaptation. In this regard, Bremer quotes Bluestone's Novels Into Films, (According to Bluestone, literature and film are autonomous forms of artistic expression, one communicating with written words, the other with visual images. Along these lines, Bluestone suggests that when the filmist undertakes the adaptation of a novel, he does not convert the novel at all. What he adapts is a kind of paraphrase of the novel, p18). Bremer is satisfied implying that Stam's reason about fidelity is more of the nature of that element in the novel which may not be successful in its film adaptation. A film may be adapted in its totality - chapter to chapter, paragraph to paragraph, summarized, edited and cut down or stretched to the required length of time directly from a novel and transported to the cinemas. This transposition from one medium to another hardly justifies either medium. Quoting Robert B. Ray and Dudley Andrew, J. D. Connors in his article, The Persistence of Fidelity, says, "The problem with fidelity is that it makes for boring criticism."2 In this case, fidelity is a non-issue. The main issue or issues may have more to do with success and less to do with fidelity to the original text. According to Rose Mary Bremer, "In an attempt to increase the probability that a film will be successful, i.e. recover and exceed the initial investment, the industry has turned more and more to the backing of adaptations based on popular contemporary novels and literary classics."3 In his article, From Word to Word-Image: Film Translation of a "Sketchy" Chinese Short Story: Spring Silkworm, Literature Film Quarterly, 2005 Wang, Yiman, mentions, "The moralistic discourse to which Stam refers prioritizes the question of fidelity involved in translating one medium (the verbal fiction) into another (the visual film). One way to counterbalance this moralistic approach is to stipulate qualitative differences between literature and film as two distinct media." Also, in the same vein, Wang goes on to quote Fredric Jameson using the "Bordwell-Hansen hypothesis." This hypothesis suggests, "whenever other media appear within film, their deeper function is to set off and demonstrate the latter's ontological primacy" (Jameson 84)." And, "The "ontological primacy" of cinema is closely related to its visuality, or the commonly recognized cinema-specific properties." 4 In essence, in order to be successful, a film requires cinema-specific visual translations of the core substance of the source novel. The cinema-specific properties depend on selection of the main characters, side actors, stuntmen, and cameraman, location, screen play, costume, music, the element of emotion and suspense, and so on. Literal Fidelity Two film adaptations of The Maltese Falcon in 1931 and 1936 did not measure up to the success of the novel. In the words of Huston, "the previous screenwriters had kept trying to 'lick the book,' instead of filming the book."5 The third version directed by John Huston turned out to be a runaway success. Interestingly, fidelity to the original script coupled with brilliant photograpy and background music,

The Internet Can Be Used For Terrorism

The Internet Can Be Used For Terrorism The internet covers a vast number of ways in which it can be used for terrorism, the most common way in which terrorist use the internet, is in fact the use we fear least, namely the use to recruit, communicate and spread propaganda. Cyber war, which includes, terrorist attacks such as hacking into nuclear power plants, flight control or even businesss is in reality yet to be seen or even developed by terrorists, however it is still the side of internet terrorism that we fear most. The terrorists using the internet cannot be easily defined as one group of people. John Deutch argues that there are three types of terrorists, the first is state sponsored terrorists, second is groups trying to overthrow their government to gain independence and finally Islamic terrorists who operate and have interests in not one sole country but instead with in a region, which in their case is predominantly, but not solely, the middle east.  [1]  The different aims and the degree of how radical each group is, will affect the extent to which different terrorists are willing to use the internet to achieve their goal. The internets simple accessibility, minimal restrictions and speed to reach vast potential audiences is the basis for why it has become so popular for governments, businesses and the public, including terrorists, to increasingly use it for everyday tasks. The freedom and equality that the internet allows, and which democratic countries support, is a double-edged sword as it allows terrorists to just as easily coordinate and conform to attack these democratic values. The internet provides a means for terrorists to attack on a more level playing field in a cyber war, instead of the traditional means of warfare in which the states military superiority can usually defeat the terrorists. However, accessing and attacking information on the internet can be harder in less democratic countries such as china where the internet is heavily censored. Gabriel Weimann says that most terrorist sites emphasize two issues, the restrictions placed on freedom of expression and the plight of comrades who are now political prisoners  [2]  . With regard to the first point that terrorists sites emphasize the restrictions placed on their freedom, this very notion that they are publicising this worldwide on their sites to mass audiences is a contradiction of having their free speech restricted. Furthermore, despite the United States military attacks on Al Qaeda since the war on terror, Al Qaeda has still gained large publicity in the west. Whether this is video tapes of Osama Bin Laden, or messages warning of further attacks, it has allowed them the freedom to spread their message and fear to their enemies. Weimann goes on to say though that terrorist sites swiftly emerge, modify their formats, and then swiftly disappear again. In some cases, e.g. Al Qaedas, locations and contents change almost daily  [3]  . If terrorists freedom were unrestricted, they would not have to do this, thus the internet is clearly a place that offers terrorists vast opportunities, but not without extr eme risk and precaution. The internets opportunities that have been exploited the most are the use of propaganda and recruiting, targeting mainly potential supporters and the public of the enemy, Potentials are bombarded with anti-American propaganda  [4]  . Prior to the internet, the only outlet the terrorists had was television, radio and newspapers, all of which are selective, and more cautious to a certain extent, of what they choose to publicise. Indirectly however, the internet has actually helped terrorists reach audiences through these traditional media outlets. Press releases are often placed on the websites in an effort to get the organisations point of view into the traditional media.  [5]  Foreign journalists are actually aimed at through the internet; in this manner, the internet not only provides a way for terrorists to reach the public, but also in fact allows them to reach out through traditional media outlets, which previously was very rare. It allows mainstream journalists to access and choose whether to publicise their material, which prior to the internet would have been very hard to get their message to these journalists. The extent of this should not be overstated though, it may have made it easier for terrorist groups to catch the attention of journalists, but that by no means, and is still very rare, that they will publicise their message, at least not in the light that the terrorists would like it to be portrayed anyway. The internet also provides an outlet for psychological warfare, fundraising, co-ordinating attacks and for hiding encrypted manuals and instructions  [6]  . There is much evidence to support this; the IRA as well as other terrorist groups has received many donations online. Psychological warfare has been committed by posting beheadings and murder online, such as the murder of American journalist Daniel pearl. Donald Rumsfeld said that an Al Qaeda terrorist manual said it was possible to gather at least 80% of all information required about the enemy to co-ordinate an attack. As for terrorist manuals and instructions, the terrorists handbook, anarchists cookbook and the Encyclopaedia of jihad, which include details of how to run an underground organisation and execute attacks, can be easily found online. Despite the internet providing an outlet for these uses, most of the operating systems and programs used by these terrorists are likely to be American made; meaning it is highly l ikely that precautionary counter measures are already in place by America to prevent an attack against them. Fundraising can be easily quashed through the collaboration of the governments and card companies, as seen recently with visa and MasterCards ban on donations to Wikileaks. Although not a terrorist organisation, a group nonetheless causing problems to the U.S that they quickly restricted. Psychological warfare using murder and brutality videos are rarely on the internet for long and usually seen by very few because they are not easily available, or plainly because many people do not want to watch them. The internets use for distributing manuals and co-ordinating attacks has proved harder to restrict though and the growth of cloud computing is only hindering this, cloud computing also at the same time provides another possible area for terrorists to attack, particularly businesss using cloud networks. The mass media has overstated the threat of cyber terrorism and made inadequate awareness to the daily uses like recruitment and spreading of propaganda, but this is not to say that the cyber terrorism is not a threat. John Arquilla says that cyberwar Like war in Clausewitzs view, may be a chameleon. It will be adaptable to varying contexts.  [7]  As cyberwar is a new concept, in relation to the centuries of warfare, it is hard to say yet whether this is the case. The extent of its use is fast appearing though, the ability to recruit and train as previously mentioned as well as the ability to hack enemy systems and potentially cripple them shows that a battle could be started, carried out and won with just the effective use of superior hackers. Vice admiral Bevrowski said, We are in the midst of a revolution in military affairs (RMA) unlike any seen since the Napoleonic Age  [8]  . I believe that the development of the internet and networks is actually much larger than the Na poleonic age RMA, but at the same time much more restrained. In a way, it is a much larger revolution because for the first time it creates a more level battlefield for terrorists who can rarely compete militarily against states. Cyberwar in theory can cause an even more destructive victory without killing one person, by solely destroying vital enemy networks and systems, or merely just bluffing that you are capable and willing to do so. Christopher Joyner believes that it only needs an adversary to attack the US banks and the whole economy would crumble.  [9]  On the other hand it could actually prevent what John Arquilla says has been the main aim of warfare since the sixteenth century, attrition or absolute defeat of the enemy  [10]  . If you manage to access the enemys networks, but not attack and instead threaten the enemy to surrender, then this could potentially end the battle without casualties. The flaw in the threat of cyberwar is that although the enemy has effect ively been defeated, they have not been weakened at all and could come back and attack very quickly. Americans and other nations threatened by terrorists will likely have superior defences in place to prevent this sort of catastrophic attack though, limiting and restraining the use of internet warfare by terrorists. At the same time, despite states superior networks and technology, it is very hard for states to know how to directly attack rogue terrorist groups without unintentionally attacking civilians; again, the possibilities for internet warfare are limited. The exception to this would be state sponsored terrorists, states have clear targets such as the military, transportation systems or their stock exchange, all of which can be dealt powerful blows to get them to hand over terrorists and stop supporting them. Traditional views of war can be applied to cyber war, as Von Clausewitz argues; the defending party always has an advantage over the attacking forces. This is true for cyber war and is why attempts to successfully combat cyber terrorism are made more difficult. The defending state has to produce advanced, expensive technological methods to protect all of its information, from its stock exchanges and health care systems to its military and nuclear systems. The attacker on the other hand only has to find a way to access one of these areas to cause catastrophic damage, thus they can spend more time and money focussing on one area of attack while the defending nation has to spread its resources across many; this gives the attacking terrorists the advantage. To combat this, the easiest way is to know what area the terrorists plan to attack so you can focus resources. The problem that arises from this solution though is that it is very easy to start abusing civil liberties by illegally mon itoring citizens activities and restricting certain information; whether this prevents the attack or not, the terrorists will have already won a victory of discrediting the western values of freedom and liberty. The illegal wiretaps that George Bush approved without a warrant under the PATRIOT Act prove this; the threat of terrorism is enough to make governments crack and hand the terrorists a small victory. The rise of internet terrorism has changed the hierarchical system in terror cells to a network of international, independent terrorist cells. In order to combat this, states must co-operate and share information. There is plenty of evidence to suggest that sharing information occurs, it is likely that a lot of useful information is not shared though. The issue is not just the sharing information; if terrorist cells co-ordinate globally then likewise must governments. John Deutch mentions how Europeans protested over the U.S bombing of Libya after a bomb killed two Americans.  [11]  Disagreements make an international response, slower, inefficient and divided. The terrorist cells, for the most part to not have this problem, they join specific terrorist groups because of its reputation and intentions and are usually united under one political or religious aim. The opportunities presented to terrorists by the internet are increasing as the world become more reliant on the internet. At present though, the opportunities are largely non-aggressive and this is mainly because actions such as recruiting over chat rooms and spreading propaganda are hard to combat and even if the enemy finds them, there is usually nothing illegal about these websites and new ones can be easily re-opened under a different name. For terrorists trying to use the internet for aggressive means such as hacking, the opportunities are a lot more limited because most states threatened by terrorism, have invested large amounts of money into cyber defences to combat this.

Othello’s Copious Imagery Essay -- Othello essays

Othello’s Copious Imagery  Ã‚        Ã‚   Let’s look into Shakespeare’s drama Othello and admire the proliferation of imagery with which the playwright has decorated the play.    In the Introduction to Shakespeare’s Othello: The Harbrace Theatre Edition, John Russell Brown describes some â€Å"splendid images† in the play:    The elaborate soliloquy spoken by Othello as he approaches his sleeping wife (V.ii.1-22) contains some splendid images, such as â€Å"chaste stars,† â€Å"monumental alabaster,† â€Å"flaming minister,† and â€Å"Promethean heat,† but its key words are simple and used repeatedly: cause, soul, blood, die, light, love, and weep. In his last sustained speech (V.ii.338-56), the images are fewer and approached through the simplest words (â€Å"Speak of me as I am†) and most blatant antitheses (â€Å"loved not wisely, but too well†). (xiv)    H. S. Wilson in his book of literary criticism, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, discusses the influence of the imagery:    It has indeed been suggested that the logic of events in the play and of Othello’s relation to them implies Othello’s damnation, and that the implication is pressed home with particular power in the imagery. This last amounts to interpreting the suggestions of the imagery as a means of comment by the author – the analogy would be the choruses of Greek tragedy. (66)    The vulgar imagery of Othello’s ancient dominates the opening of the play. Standing outside the senator’s home late at night, Iago uses imagery within a lie to arouse the occupant: â€Å" Awake! what, ho, Brabantio! thieves! thieves! thieves! / Look to your house, your daughter and your bags!† When the senator appears at the window, the ancient continues with coarse imagery of animal lust: â€Å"... ...ore Evans. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.    Kernan, Alvin. â€Å"Othello: and Introduction.† Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Ed. Alfred Harbage. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1964.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Spurgeon, Caroline. â€Å"Shakespeare’s Imagery and What it Tells Us.† Shakespearean Tragedy. Ed. D. F. Bratchell. New York: Routledge, 1990.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.